Robert Baden-Powell, 1st
Baron Baden-Powell, who passed away on 8 January 1941, in Nyeri, Kenya,
was a British army officer who became a national hero for his 217-day defense
of Mafeking (now Mahikeng) in the South African War of 1899–1902. He later
became famous as the founder in 1908 of the Boy Scouts and as cofounder in
1910 of a parallel organization for girls, the Girl Guides. The American
Girl Guide organization was founded in 1912 and soon changed its name to
the Girl Scouts of the United States of America.
In 1884–85 Baden-Powell became noted for his use of observation balloons
in warfare in Bechuanaland (now Botswana) and the Sudan. From October 12,
1899, to May 17, 1900, he defended Mafeking, holding off a much larger
Boer force until the siege was lifted. After the war he recruited and trained
the South African constabulary. On returning to England in 1903, he was
appointed inspector general of cavalry, and the following year he
established the Cavalry School, Netheravon, Wiltshire. He was promoted to lieutenant general
in 1907.
Having learned that his military textbook Aids to
Scouting (1899) was being used for training boys in woodcraft,
Baden-Powell ran a trial camp on Brownsea Island, off Poole, Dorset, in 1907,
and he wrote an outline for the proposed Boy Scout movement. Scout troops
sprang up all over Britain, and for their use Baden-Powell’s Scouting
for Boys was issued in 1908. He retired from the army in 1910 to
devote all his time to the Boy Scouts, and in the same year he and his
sister Agnes Baden-Powell (1858–1945) founded the Girl Guides. His
wife, Olave, Lady Baden-Powell (1889–1977), also did much to promote the
Girl Guides. In 1916 he organized the Wolf Cubs in Great Britain (known as
Cub Scouts in the United States) for boys under the age of 11. At the first
international Boy Scout Jamboree (London, 1920), he was acclaimed chief scout
of the world.
A baronet from 1922, Baden-Powell was created a baron in
1929. He spent his last years in Kenya for his health. His
autobiography, Lessons of a Lifetime (1933), was followed
by Baden-Powell (1942, 2nd ed. 1957), by Ernest Edwin
Reynolds, and The Boy-Man: The Life of Lord Baden-Powell (1989),
by Tim Jeal.